English for Science and Technology in Indian Condition

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Name :- Milankumar Parmar

Class :- M.A Sem-3

Roll no. :- 16

Course :- English Language Teaching

Enrollment :- PG14101026

Topic :- English for science and Technology in Indian Condition

Email_id :- parmarmilan1994@gmail.com

Submitted to :- The Department of English,

                                Smt.S.B. Gardi,

                                Maharaja Krishnkumarsinhji

                                Bhavnagar University,

                                Bhavnagar.

               

Introduction:-
Language is the foundation of the education system; we learn and teach through medium of the language, it is the linguafranca that connects the learner, teacher and the subject. It becomes bit more difficult when the language is not native one. In India same problem students and teachers has been  facing long, English is largely accepted as the language of science and technology, as it is second language in India there will be some issues is obvious.

 (Evans, 1998)

          English for science and technology is sub-branch of English for academic purpose(EAP), English for academic purpose is designed to prepare none-native user of English for English medium academic. Teaching English for science and technology is different from general English, EST courses/English tends to teach formal and academic genre.  

Dudley-Evans and St. John (1998) provide a more comprehensive characterization of ESP (English for Specific Purposes) as language teaching designed to meet the specific needs of the learners through employing effective teaching methodologies and teaching activities.

Definition of ESP (Dudley-Evans, 1997):

v  Absolute Characteristics

Ø  ESP is defined to meet specific needs of the learners.

Ø  ESP makes use of underlying methodology and activities of the discipline it serves.

Ø  ESP is centered on the language appropriate to these activities in terms of grammar, lexis, register, study skills, discourse and genre.

v  Variable Characteristics

Ø  ESP may be related to or designed for specific disciplines.

Ø  ESP may use, in specific teaching situations, a different methodology from that of General English.

Ø  ESP is likely to be designed for adult learners, either at a tertiary level institution or in a professional work situation. It could, however, be for learners at secondary school level.

Ø  ESP is generally designed for intermediate or advanced students.

Ø  Most ESP courses assume some basic knowledge of the language systems.

There are three aspects which we should apply for the sake of understand the problems and then what can be its probable solution. They are

1.       Need Analysis

2.       Structure of technical English and teaching material

3.       Expertise

NEED ANALYSIS:-

Need analysis is fundamental to an EAP approach to design the course and teaching method. In this John Munby’s model could serve as good guide, in his work “Communicative Syllabus design he has given very helpful and comprehensive need analysis method to identify the needs of the learner. In his article ‘Identifying the nature of the learner’s need’ R.Mackay(Mackay, 1978) has discussed in detail the methods of questionnaire and structured interview for gathering necessary information.

 V. Chandra Sekhar Rao a professor from well known university of Hydrabad has done research on “English for Science and Technology: A Learner Centered Approach”. He has collected data from his own work place he collected data for his research paper employed using both qualitative and quantitative approaches and the research findings are discussed with the descriptive data collected from the Questionnaires, Interviews and Classroom Observations. The questionnaire data were gathered from 180 participants (120 B.Tech students, 30 teachers of EST and 20 teachers of technical subjects) belonged to different Engineering Colleges affiliated to JNTU, Hyderabad. And findings of his research are as below.

Needs Analysis Questionnaire to Students reveals that students of Engineering and technology have recognized English:

Ø  As skill-oriented one and given importance to its basic language skills and sub-skills and their priority such as: 1.Listening 2.Speaking, 3.professional Speaking, 4. Grammar, 5. Reading, and 6. Professional Writing.

Ø  The teachers of English in Engineering Colleges need a special set of competencies than those of the General English teachers.

Ø  The EST Teachers to be facilitators, knowing the strategies of modern class room teaching and providing a lot of activities in the classroom and making them active participants.

Ø  Phonetics should be taught for correct pronunciation, equipping with latest technology and multi-media software.

From the above analysis it is clear that the students of the science and technology views English as a tools of communication, of opportunity, they are more interested in subjective English rather than general English. They need it to comprehend the course books which are in English they need it to write answer in English, and some time what happens that they give more importance to writing, and that results in incompetency in oral communication, and thus unable to get employment, which is in a way loss to our nation at large.

Another need analysis which is done by R.S.Sharma a researcher from Banaras Hindu University Varanasi, he has done need analysis of the students who have passed entrance test and admitted to first year of B.SC or B.Tec. He had used entrance test itself as need analysis, and below are some conclusion that can be skimmed.

Ø  Learner posses intelligence above average

Ø  Learner has basic knowledge of general English though there is need of some improvements

Ø  Learner wants to learn with understanding

Ø  His chief concern for next three to four years will be academic

Ø  His basic need is an ability to gather scientific knowledge found in textbooks and science journal which were written in English

Ø  Other need is to be able to communicate in classroom, laboratory, college and in university he/she needs English language t communicate.

The above analysis clearly points out that students of science and technology when they enter in the college they need two competency. They are

Ø  Reading and comprehension of technical texts written in English

Ø  Writing of technical English in exam and in report writing, where speaking is not that much important.

Structure of technical English and teaching material

Basically technical English is situational variety employed for communication “in systematic manner of particular branch of knowledge pertaining nature and conditions in life. It is formal and objective in style. The technical writing is thus related to the law or philosophy as to Electronics or biology(R.S.SHARMA, 1985). We are here concerned with subragisters which is used for standard communication in science and technology. And this can be attended at the level of

Register:- lexical and grammatical structural features.

Discourse:- the effect of communicative context, the relation between text and its writer/readers

Genre:- how language is used in particular setting, such as texts, journal and lectures in classroom.

Let’s see some parts of technical English, and Teaching Materials

Vocabulary:- The most distinguish characteristic feature of Technical English(TE), is Technical vocabulary, Words from Science and technology for instance Thermodynamics, transmitter, hydrogen, electron, and various instruments and process, gases, tools and ingredients etc. 

There are some familiar words which, as Herbert has pointed out, create much difficulty because they are used in both technical as well as non technical meanings such as words are, plant, feed, load, work etc. these words we also use in day to day life, but when they are used in technical context its meaning will be changed. And sometimes that create difficulty in learner and teachers mind.

Another feature of the vocabulary mentioned by him is the use of verbs, adjectives and adverbs which are not specifically scientific, but which belongs to phraseology of science: words like Extruder, Propagate, Obviate, and negligible.(A.J.Herbert, 1965) 

Grammar:- Science texts are generally written in simple present tense, and basically use passive construction without agentive phrase and conditional clause are some peculiar features of scientific grammar.

Use of Symbols/ symbolic language:- Scientific language uses symbols for tools, process. These we will not find in day to day language.

¿> rope link      

Ɂ> hook link

ἁ> alpha

Discourse:- A paragraph In texts is constructed around a topic for elaboration, explanation, description and exemplification. It is for the comprehension of scientific theories. Two major forms of the discourse which covers nearly 90% of the text in technical English are description and Explanation. The description might be of an instrument, system or process. The description of process read like a narrative but it is written in present tense. Two more forms of scientific discourse which should be included are 1.Defining and 2.Report writing.

Therefore, from the above discussion and according to the analysis of students need, the teaching material must be suitable for science and technology, some of the features of the technical English materials are

Ø it should be come out from standard scientific writing, such as found in texts books, journals, and book on specific topic.

Ø The selected book should not be diluted by simplification.

Ø Material should be taken from the field of mathematics, physics and chemistry, agriculture, zoology, botany and even from medical.

Ø A teaching material should be challenging, and also provide practice for learner

What should technical English text provided for exercise and practice:

Ø  Verb form exercise

Ø  Grammatical error spot

Ø  Sentence practice

Ø  Classification of the words

Ø  Term and terminology for given word

Ø  Explanation exercise

Ø  Finding the principle of science which is at work in sentence or word.

Ø  Scientific and technical terms, model auxiliary in technical English  

But right kind of material is that which answers specifically needs of students and according to register which learner requires as medium of communication for academic purpose.

Competency of the teacher for science and technology:

Subject specific competency, it is on the part of the teachers, EST expected to have more than one qualification. A good command over English language is necessary condition but one also has to have some knowledge of science is required. But this is rarely found in English teachers, we could not get teachers with double qualification. But TE is a situational variety, thus expertise in applied linguistics is third requirement, because it is well known that the knowledge of the mother tongue interferes with the learning of foreign or second language. But in some cases R.S Sharma found that in technical writing of the student there is double interference from (L1) as well as conversational English, for example

1.       Every reaction hasn’t got the same rate

2.       The substance which encourage or discourage the reaction

To come up with this requirement there are some diploma courses which can provide help, short term certificate courses are available, even for computer science, laboratory etc. the question answer method and challenge to student will help a lot to teaching in class of science.

The teacher’s role in a learner-centered classroom of EST:

The teacher’s role in a learner-centered classroom of EST is absolutely critical. It takes practice. It takes patience. It requires a willingness to try new things, fail, reflect, revise, redeem and repeat. The teacher has to use many techniques in the teaching process. The teacher in a learner-centered classroom of EST has to:

Ø  Introduce challenging, engaging ideas that inspire student questions.

Ø  Find a happy medium between giving students too much direction and too little.

Ø  Establish routines and structures in the classroom that support inquiry.

Ø  Engage in frequent conversations with students.

Ø  Focus students on generating arguments based on evidence.

Ø  Provide opportunities for students to choose how they demonstrate their learning.

Ø  Connect students with experts in fields relevant to their inquiry and facilitate their conversations.

Ø  Teach skills and processes that students need to know in order to engage in effective inquiry.  Provide time for reflection and meta-cognition within the structure of learning cycles.

Ø  Maintain the students to have their mood and mind happily and hilariously all the time.

Conclusion:-

EST is English foe academic purpose thus its chief aim is to complete the requirements and needs of the students as well as organization, and for that need analysis is necessary and the analysis should be kept in mind, materials and methods of teaching should be according to need analysis. And for that a professor V. Chandra Sekhar Rao suggested that Learner centered approach is of worth.

Work Cited :

A.J.Herbert. (1965). The Structure of Technical English. In H. A.J, The Structure of Tecnical English (p. 7). London, England: ELBS.

Evans, T. D. (1998). English for specific Purpose. In The Cambridge Guide to Teach English to speakers of other Language (pp. 131- 135).

Mackay, R. (1978). Identifying The Nature of the learner's need. In R. M. Mountford, English for Specific Purpose (pp. 21-37). London: Longman.

R.S.SHARMA. (1985). Technical Writting. In R.S.Sharma, Technical Writting (pp. 1-10). Varanasi: Academic Publisher.

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Culture and Anarchy by Metthew Arnold critical study

M.K. Bhavnagar University

Department of English

Name:- Parmar Milankumar

Roll no.:- 14

Enrollment no.:- 14101026

Course:- Victorian literature

Topic:- Culture and Anarchy critical study

Introduction

Matthew Arnold was cultural critic and poet during Victorian age. “For him poetry is interpretative by having natural magic in it and moral profundity” he was born in 1822. He was the son of headmaster of Rugby.  Arnold was appointed as inspector of school. He worked for twenty five years at this position. Arnold’s literary work can be divided into three periods, which are poetical, the critic and the practical.

a.       In his poetical period he had written poetry since his school days. In 1853 to 1855 he published his last “poems” v. after that he abandoned poetry for critical work.

b.      In his critical period his lectures on translating “Homer” and the two “volume of essays in criticism”

c.       After critical period he turned to practical questions. His friendship and Garland 1871, was satire on and also wants to reform the great middle class of England.

d.      Culture and Anarchy appeared in 1869 and it was the most characteristic work of his practical period. The other four book published were based on religious subject.

Ø  Protestantism-1870

Ø  Literature and dogma-1873

Ø  God and Bible-1875

Ø  Essay in on Church and religion-1877

Arnold was the first critic who gave the definition of culture. He was the father of modern criticism. His fame as cultural critic always same as it was. Culture and anarchy was first published in 1869, the essay contains most of the terms. Many of these terms are given by him these terms are culture, sweetness and light, barbarian, philistines, Hebraism, Hellenism and many others. And all these are now associated with Arnold’s work and influence.

Culture and Anarchy:- it contains five essays. Arnold didn’t give name to these essays, but we can give it accordingly to the points which are discussed in each essay. They are as below

1.     Sweetness and Light

2.     Doing as one likes

3.     Three English class ( Barbarian, Philistines, populous)

4.     Hebraism and Hellenism

5.      One thing is necessary (the real need)

Definition of culture :- for him culture is the great help of our present difficulties,culture being a pursuit of our total perfection by means of getting to know, on all the matters which most concern us, the best which has been thought and said in the world, and, through this knowledge, turning a stream of fresh and free thought upon our stock notions and habits”            

What is culture?

What good can it do to society?

Why do we need it?

1^st

Culture as study in total perfection :- Culture, harmonious perfection, developing all sides of humanity, developing all parts of our society; as a general perfection. Culture is a harmonious perfection It should help to development all the parts of society. If one member of it suffers the other must suffer. It means equality. If one is happy the other must be happy. One must see and learn culture. It is the religion The kingdom of God is within you. The church is in itself a lesson of religious moderation, and a help towards culture and harmonious perfection. Culture is manner, places human perfection in an internal condition, in the growth and predominance of our humanity proper, as distinguished from our animality. It is the individual’s march towards perfection. Arnold talks about the great idea to know and the great energy to act. They should be in harmony by the light of reason. He insists on the balance of the both thought and action.

Perfection, as culture conceives it, is not possible while the individual remains isolated. The individual is required, under pain of being stunted and enfeebled in his own development if he disobeys, to carry others along with him in his march towards perfection.

Sweetness and light:- the notion of perfection, a perfection which consist of  beauty and sweetness both are present there. “which unites two noblest things as Sweeft happily calls them in his book ‘Battles of  the Books’ ‘the two noblest of things sweetness and light. To explain this term he takes two Greek words aphuia and euphuia.

Aphuia means without natural talent or dull

Euphuia means well grown, sharply, goodly, graceful, of good natural parts, clever, witty, also of good disposition and a finely tempered nature.

What Arnold suggests is that there should be combination of both the things in order to bring total perfection. Thus for him the pursuit of total perfection is the perfection of sweetness and light. He who works for sweetness and light, works to make reason and the will of the god prevail. Culture has one great passion, the passion for sweetness and light.

2^nd

Anarchy (doing as one likes)

 From where anarchy derives/ what is the reason behind anarchy in society ? Doing as one likes may become an anti social activity. Then liberty becomes license and in an organized society anarchy breaks out.  If this culture is blind to the existing evils of society or if the culture is in danger of being and enemy to become all moonshine. Arnold’s critics believe in action and not in aesthetic detachment.

“DOING AS ONE LIKES.”:- English were believe in freedom of doing as one likes., without regarding the ends for which freedom is to be desired. He agrees that it is most happy and important thing for a man merely be able to do as he likes. But the problem is on what he is to do, when he is thus free to do as one likes, we do not lay so much stress”

Mr. Bright say that “British constitution is system which stops and paralyses any power in interfering with the free action of individual, the central idea of English life and politics is the assertion of personal liberty ” and Arnold see it as drift which will sunk down the entire society.

What is the urgent need of society according to Arnold is that need of authority

Who should be given authority?

Aristocrats, Middle class or working class?

Arnold found inability in every class. What he found is that they have “sweetness” of culture but they lack the best “light” the intelligence. The idea of anarchy is dangerous because people can’t move towards right direction. At the end of this chapter Arnold suggest that the authority should be given to one’s self.

3^rd

Three English Classes

Arnold divides English society in three classes they are

The Barbarian

The philistines

The Populous 

The Barbarians:- they bring staunch individualism in life. Individualism is good thing but staunch made them selfish. And if there is staunch individualism there will be chaos in society. Their manly exercise, their strength and their good looks are definitely found in aristocratic class of his time. Their politeness resembles the chivalry. Barbarian and their external styles in manner accomplishments and powers are inherited from the barbarian. They found happiness in honor and consideration, field sport and pleasure.

The Philistines:- it is the German word which means uncultured people like most of the shopkeeper. They are wise men, captains of industry, busy in commerce and trade. Philistines deep in self love, they like fanaticism, business and money making and comfort and tea meeting. They brought all economic prosperity and progress in the country. They have built cities, they made rail road and in last they invented mercantile navy.    

The Working class:- working class people are who help to empire builders. Dirtiness and poverty is their trademark, they are raw and half developed. They are being exploited by the philistines and barbarians. “an Englishman’s have born privilege of doing as one likes, meeting where he likes, bawling what he likes, braking what he likes”. Populous class hated by both the class they like shouting, hustling and smashing and beer.     

4^th

Hellenism and Hebraism

Both the terms Arnold discusses in the fifth essay. He says Englishman usually prefers doing then thinking. This is outlook of their national characteristics. Arnold talks about the great idea to know and the great energy to act. Arnold would distinguish from the mental energy to know; and these energies are the first one is Hebraism and the second is Hellenism. The final aim of the both is human perfection.  Both are the most potent forces and both should be in harmony by the light of reason.

Bishop Wilson “first, never go against the best light you have; secondly, take care that your light be not darkness.”

Hellenism:- the supreme idea with the Hellenism or Greek spirit is to see things as they really are, he points out that Greek philosophy considers that the body and its desires are an impediment to right thinking. It desires for reason and the will of the god, and desire of love of god. It acquires spontaneity of consciousness with a clearness of mind, it emphasize on knowing or knowledge. Socrates as Hellenic, states that “ the best man is he who tries to make himself perfect, and the happiest man is he who feels that he is perfecting himself.”

Hebraism:- Hebraism is the spirit of the bible is conduct and obedience. It considers human body and its desires are obstacle in right act. Hebraism studies the universal order and observes the magnificence of god apparent the order. it achieves a strictness of conscience with its clarity of thought. It shows stress on doing rather than knowing. Its primary idea is absolute obedience to the will of god. It fastens its faith on doing.

The aim of the both is partaking of divine life with knowledge and action. Hebraism as Mr. Sidgwick points out is manful walking by the best light one has fire and strength as he calls it. This Hebraism must join hands with Hellenism the culture which endeavors to see things in their beauty and truth, the pursuit of sweetness and light.     

5^th

‘Porro Unum Est Necessarium’:- this title means one thing is necessary. One banal system of action, issuing out of the very concept of democratic existence is the liberal notion of doing freely as one likes. This idea issues from the sense of liberty democracy inculcates and when pushed to the extreme liberty is often turned in to anarchy.  

What Arnold calls “instead of our ‘one thing needful’ justifying in us vulgarity, hideousness, ignorance, violence are really so many touchstones which try our one thing needful, and which prove that in the state, at any rate, in which we ourselves have it, it is not all we want” In the above quotation Arnold wants to convey us that all these things which we never want, but we should know about those things that we can keep aw yourself from those things.

Conclusion :- Arnolds essay Culture and anarchy ifs the foundational work in the study of culture. His ideas can bring perfection in human society, but at the present time we can’t follow it completely, because of privatization, industrialization, and globalization. One can follow his ideas but he himself have to suffers in society.

American Multiculturalism

M.K. Bhavnagar University

Department of English

name :- Parmar Milankumar

Roll no. 14

Batch year:- 2014-15

Enrollment no.:- 14101026

Course:- Cultural studies

Topic :- American Multiculturalism

Preface:-

America is the country of immigrants, people from different countries and continents lived together with their own cultural, religious, national identity. In America people from different countries and cultures come not only with their economy but also brought their culture with them. In America today we find Indians, Mexicans, Africans, European, Japanese, Korean, and many more.

In the field of the cultural studies, it uses cultural artefacts to study the contemporary state of any culture. By using literature as cultural artefacts we come to know about the other cultures as represented in the literature in literature there we find multiplicity of cultures. Thus we can say America is multicultural state, nation and country. There are five chief types of cultural studies

                             i.            British multiculturalism

                           ii.            New historicism

                        iii.            American multiculturalism

                         iv.            Postmodernism and popular culture

                            v.            Post-colonial studies

The state of multiculturalism in America came to known in world by some incident. These incidents drew worldwide attention these incidents are as below.

1)      Watts race riots 1965

2)      Civil rights act passed in 1964

3)      Voting rights act was signed by president Lyndon Johnson

4)      The foundation of The Black panther party

5)      James Meredith the first African American student to enroll at university of Mississippi, wounded by a white segregationist

The Problem of Race:- “race is the critical feature of American life full of contradictions and ambiguities, it is at once the greatest source of social conflict and the richest source of cultural development in America”. Today race are mixed in way that it become difficult to recognize one’s original racial identity.

The literature of Americas divided in four types, they are

a)     African American writer

b)     Latina/o. writer

c)      Indian American writer

d)     Asian American writer

African American literature:- they were the people who brought to America by the Europeans for slavery and work purpose, they were treated like animals. But in the late twentieth century they got education and they started writing about their painful past. Bernard Bell reviews some primary features of African American writing and compares value system.

“Traditional white American values emanate from a providential vision of history and of Euro-Americans as a chosen people, a vision that sanctions their individual and collective freedom in the pursuit of property, profit, and happiness. Radical Protestantism, constitutional democracy, and industrial capitalism are the white American trinity of values. In contrast black American values emanates from a cyclical, Judeo-Christen vision of history and of African Americans as a disinherited, colonized people, a vision that sanctions their reliance of spirit and pursuit of social justice”

“African American literature can be divided into several major periods, colonial, antebellum, reconstruction, pre- world war 1, Harlem renaissance, naturalism and modernism, and contemporary.”

Harriet E. Wilson’s our Nig: or sketches from the life of free black, in a two–story was the first novel published by African American.

The Harlem Renaissance 1918- 1937 it had tremendous upsurge in black culture, with special interest in primitive art.

Richards wright attacked on American white in his novels Native son 1938, and Black Boy 1945.

Ralph Elison was influenced by Naturalism but even more by African American traditions such as the trickster, jazz, blues signifying and political activism. His novel Invisible Man1949 is compared with Odyssey.

          

Latina/o. Mexican, Spanish :-

This literature is the result of the mixture of two countries America and Mexico. ”The new Mestiza” by Gloria Anzaladua. “This work demonstrates how Latins live between two nations, between two culture, between two language. These things she also described in her poem ‘To Live in borderlands means you.”

She also calls her own liminal or border space, a challenge to live “on borders and in margins, where keeping intact one’s shifting and multiple identity and integrity is like trying to swim in a new element, an alien element”

The Chicano movement of the 1960 and 21970s meant renewed Mexican American political awareness sand artistic production. The World war2 had greatly accelerated the process of Mexican American acculturation

Rudolf Anaya’s “bless me, ultima” best known Latino novel, focuses on the impact of world war2 on a a small community in new Mexico.

Oscar zeta Acosta’s “Revolt of the cockroach people” 1973

Josephina’s 1945 novel “Mexican village” was the first novel to reach at American audience.

In their work generally we found three archetypes they are…

1.       Milinche :- is name given to Aztec woman is the symbol of betrayed and her son was the first mestizo, thus she was the mother of new mestizo race.

2.       The virgin of Guandalupe:- she was the patron saint of the Mexico, appearing everywhere from church to taxicab mirror. She took role of brown mother, goddess, mother, protector, and nurturer. She is another mother of mestizo race. she symbolizes the essence of virtue, self-sacrifice and humility before god.

3.       La Llorona:- originates in Indian folklore she said to have murdered his son, and betrayed by her husband, she condemned to an eternal penance and sorrow. She stands for combination of the extremes of purity and guilt.

American Indian literature:-

The American Indian literature was predominantly oral cultures, storytelling passes on religious beliefs, moral values, political codes and practical lesson of everyday life. For American Indians stories are a source of strength in the face of centuries of silencing by euro-Americans. American Indians is the preferred by Indian over native American.

There are two types of literature we come across they are

Traditional Indian literature:- it includes tales, songs and oratory that that have existed on the north American continent for centuries, composed in tribal language and performed for tribal audience such as trickster cycles. Indians do not separate literature from everyday life. A tribes myth and stories are designed to perpetuate their heritage and instruct the young, cure illness, ensure victory in battle, or secure fertile fields, it is literature that is practical.   

Mainstream Indian Literature:- it refers to works written by Indians in English in the traditional genre of fiction, poetry, and autobiography. The earlier mainstream writer is believed to be Samson Occom he published first in 1772. Later writers of nineteenth century dealt with native rights, the duplicity of US, and government and morality leaders, racial ambivalence, creation, myth, trickster humor and tribal constancy in the face of repeated assaults.

Gertrude Bonnin/ Dakata Sioux she compiled trickster tales

M. Scott Momday’s “house of dawn-1968 won Pulitzer prize.

Erdrich’s “Love medicine 1984,” “The Beet queen 1986,” “Tracks1988”

Asian American writers:- it is written by people of Asian descend in united states, addressing their experience of living in society that views them as alien. Asian immigrants were denied citizenship as late as 1950s. Asian American writer includes chines, Japanese, Korean, Filipino, Vietnamese, Polynesian, the subcontinents of India and the pacific. This culture presets bewildering arrays of languages, religions, social structures and skin colors, and, the category is broader than other.

Asian American literature begun in the twentieth century with autobiography like “Paperson” and “confession”, confession later took shape of picture bride.

Chinese women make up largest and most influential group of Asian American writers. Two women Edith and Winfred Eton, were first to become known in west. Edith published stories of realistic chines people in Mr. Spring Fragrance-1912. Winfred was Japanese author her novels are highly sentimentalized nature, full of moonlit, bamboo groves, cherry bosom and doll like heroines in delicate kimonos.

Second famous sisters become popular just before 2^nd world war were Adet, Anor and Meimei lin, whose best work was their reminiscence  of Chuckling Dawn 1942.

Jade snow – Fifth daughter

Amy Ton – Joy Luck Club 1989.

Conclusion:- by taking literature as artefacts we derives variety of results. we can study Americas culture in many other ways and result also will be varied. By above all these we can conclude that America is the place where it is very difficult to find ones ethnic identity, it becomes melting pot of cultures. It is the place open for everybody and it is the reason of its multiculturalism.